Triple Bottom Line approach
In traditional business accounting and common usage, the “bottom line” refers to either the “profit” or “loss”, which is usually recorded at the very bottom line on a statement of revenue and expenses. The triple bottom line adds two more “bottom lines”: social and environmental (ecological) concerns. Hence, Triple bottom line (TBL) accounting expands the traditional reporting framework to take into account social and environmental performance in addition to financial performance.
Background of TBL
In 1981, Freer Spreckley first articulated the triple bottom line in a publication called ‘Social Audit – A Management Tool for Co-operative Working’. In this work, he argued that enterprises should measure and report on financial performance, social wealth creation, and environmental responsibility.
In 1994, John Elkington—the famed British management consultant and sustainability guru—coined the phrase “triple bottom line” as his way of measuring performance in corporate America. The phrase was articulated elaborately in his 1997 book Cannibals with Forks: the Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business’(1).
A Triple Bottom Line Investing group advocating and publicizing these principles was founded in 1998 by Robert J. Rubinstein (2).
Interpretations of the Three Bottom Lines (TBL or 3BL)
The triple bottom line consists of social equity, economic, and environmental factors.
The phrase, “people, planet, and profit” to describe the triple bottom line and the goal of sustainability, was coined by John Elkington in 1994 and was later used as the title of the Anglo-Dutch oil company Shell’s first sustainability report in 1997.
People, the social equity bottom line
The people, social equity, or human capital bottom line pertains to fair and beneficial business practices toward labour and the community and region in which a corporation conducts its business. It measures how socially responsible an organization has been throughout its operations.
Profit, the economic bottom line
The profit or economic bottom line deals with the economic value created by the organization after deducting the cost of all inputs, including the cost of the capital tied up.
Planet, the environmental bottom line
The planet, environmental bottom line, or natural capital bottom line refers to sustainable environmental practices. It measures how environmentally responsible a firm has been.
The three pillars have served as a common ground for numerous sustainability standards and certification systems in recent years. Standards which today explicitly refer to the triple bottom line include Rainforest Alliance, Fairtrade and UTZ Certified.
Alternatives to TBL
Integrated Bottom Line
While TBL inspires companies to take into consideration people, profit and planet simultaneously, Integrated Bottom Line (IBL) takes the concept a step further and encourages companies to integrate their financial, economic and social performance reporting into one integrated balance sheet.
Quadruple Bottom Line
The TBL has also been extended to encompass four pillars, known as the quadruple bottom line (QBL). The fourth pillar denotes a future-oriented approach (future generations, intergenerational equity, etc.)
Constraints to Triple Bottom Line Approach
A key challenge of the TBL, is the difficulty of measuring the social and environmental bottom lines. Profitability is inherently quantitative, so it is easy to measure. However, it not easy to quantify and measure social and economic bottom lines.
Credits:
- Featured Image by Lexie Barnhorn on Unsplash
